Written by Magnus Nossen, with some edits by Smith
This ECG was transmitted electronically by EMS for evaluation. The patient is a 70 something female with chest discomfort and dyspnea. How would you interpret the ST changes seen in this ECG?Will you accept this patient for emergent coronary angiogram based on the ECG changes? Does the ECG represent STEMI-negative OMI findings? How would you mange this patient?
The ECG shows sinus rhythm with a ventricular rate just below 100 bpm. There is slight concave ST segment depression in the inferior leads with trace ST elevation in lead aVL not meeting millimeter criteria. Of note also is delayed R-wave progression in the anterior leads without significant Q-waves. P-waves are prominent. It would be reasonable to evaluate this patient in a PCI center as you have to prove that these ECG changes are not ischemic. I accepted the patient for evaluation in our PCI facility but did not activate the cath lab as I did not think the ECG changes represented OMI.
Smith: The P-wave in lead II is extremely prominent, suggesting right atrial hypertrophy and possible high right sided pressures.
ST depression has a variety of different causes. The cause can be primary, (i.e ischemia) or it can be secondary to abnormal depolarization (e.g from preexcitation, BBB, paced rhythm, LVH etc).
Furthermore, ST depression can be caused by drugs (e.g digoxin) or electrolyte imbalances such as hypokalemia or hypomagnesemia. Even certain rare hereditary arrhythmogenic disorders like Bundgaard syndrome can have ST depression in the resting ECG.
Discussion:The ECG in today's case does not have typical ST depression vector of diffuse subendocardial ischemia. The ST vector insubendocardial ischemia (SEI) usually has the largest amount of ST depression in leads II and V5, towards the apex of the heart. (ST depression vector towards II and V5). In fact, the ST depressions in the ECG in today’s case are most pronounced in the leads with the largest P waves (!) and not in the leads with the largest amplitude QRS complexes. This is a very strong indicator that the ST-depression is not ischemic but rather related to the P wave size and vector.
The patient was evaluated immediately upon arrival. Physical exam was notable for wheezing bilaterally. She had known severe COPD. Bedside echo was without wall motion abnormality.
Putting all the findings together; dyspnea, slight tachycardia, delayed R-wave progression, prominent lateral S waves and ST depression maximal where the P waves are largest all point toward pulmonary disease as the cause of the ECG findings.
Atrial repolarization is usually not noticed on the ECG. However, if atrial enlargement occurs, atrial repolarization may become prominent and may cause ST segment changes. Figure A below shows the relationship of the Ta wave to normal ST depression. In figure B below I have superimposed a red dotted parabolic line on the QRS complexes and ST segments of leads aVL and aVF to show how the atrial repolarization wave affects the ST segments.
Figure A
Figure B
How did the QoH perform on this ECG?
It is quite impressive how the interpretation is NOT OMI with high confidence. Above you can see the explainability feature. The AI model does not react to any of the ST segments in this ECG.
You too can have the Queen of Hearts AI model
Learning points:
- The ECG often can give clues to pulmonary disease
- Atrial repolarization wave (Ta wave) can mimic ischemia.
- ST depression has a variety of different causes other than ischemia.
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MY Comment, byKENGRAUER, MD (5/31/2024):
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I love today's case by Dr. Nossen — because it provides a superb example in which knowingnothing morethan that the patient presentednot onlywith chest pain — butalsowithacutedyspnea— enabled me to make animmediatediagnosis ofseverepulmonary diseaserather thanacute coronary disease.
- I count among my favorite sayings the following:"Experience is Errors".Much of what I have learned over the decades that I've been studying ECG interpretation, is the result of "errors" committed that I have learned from. And so, I'll never forget as an intern how Iassumedafter numerous pulmonary edema cases — that the dyspneic patient in front of me was yet one more patient in need of diuresis and other standardleft-sidedheart failure measures.Imisdiagnosedthat patient's ECG— which was "trying" to tell me that rather thanleft-sidedheart failure — the problem wasright-sidedfailure from longstanding severe pulmonary disease. I have triednotto make that mistake again.
- We donotoften see RVH on ECG in adults.As a result — it iseasyto overlook this important clue toright-sidedheart failure. This essential clinical message is superbly conveyed by today's case.
For clarity inFigure-1— I have labeled a series of subtle ECG findings, that taken togetherin a patient who presents withacute dyspnea— should lead you toimmediatelysuspect longstanding, severe pulmonary diseaserather thanacute coronary disease as the most likely explanation for today's ECG.
-USE%20copy.png "Is all this \"ST Depression\" due to ischemia? (7)") |
| Figure-1:I’ve labeled findingspotentiallyconsistent withRVH— from theinitialECG in today case. |
The ECG Diagnosis of RVH / SeverePulmonaryDisease:
By way of review — I've excerpted portions ofMy Commentfrom theFebruary 12, 2023postin Dr. Smith's ECG Blog.
- Among the most challenging of ECG diagnoses to make isRVH (RightVentricularHypertrophy). By saying this — I amnotreferring to obvious cases of ECG RVH — in which the QRS is of normal duration (ie,No RBBB and no WPW) — and there ismarkedRAD (RightAxisDeviation) +apredominantR waveinlead V1.
- KEYPoint:The extreme ECG findings ofmarkedRAD andpredominantR wave in lead V1 are usuallynotfound in adults with RVHuntillatein the course — and sometimesnot even then. Instead — I am referring to less obvious, but still clinically significant forms of RVH that areall-too-easy to overlook!
PEARL #1:Consider the following:
- RVH is much easier to diagnose in infants and young children than in adults. This is because the relative size (and mass) of the RV (RightVentricle) compared to the LV (LeftVentricle) — is much greater in infants and young children compared to adults. In contrast, by the time adulthood is reached — the normal LV may be up to 3X as thick (with up to 10X the mass) of the normal RV. As a result —amarkedincrease in RV size is usually needed in adults —beforeapredominantR wave will be seen in lead V1.
- In contrast — anR>S ratio (ie,R wave heightgreaterthan S wave depth)in lead V1— remains a common andnormalfinding in children up until ~5 years of age!
- Similarly (ie,because of the normal LV predominance) — marked RAD in the frontal plane is a relativelylatesign of RVH in adults.
PEARL#2:Think of the ECG diagnosis of RVH as a“detective”diagnosis.No single clue solves the mystery.Instead — determination of RVH is made by deduction(ie,by identifying a combination of ECG findings in a patient with a clinical history consistent with RVH).
- I’ve reviewedMy Takeon theECGdiagnosisofRVHon a number of occasions in Dr. Smith’s ECG Blog(See My Comment at the bottom of the page in theMarch 6,2022andSeptember 1, 2020posts,to name just 2).
- As review — my user-friendly summary of ECG RVH appears in theADDENDUMbelow(in Figures-2-thru-5).
How Does this Apply to Today’s Case?
For clarity inFigure-1— I’ve labeled the initial ECG shown in today’s case.
- PEARL#3:As is often the case — theHistoryis KEY! Today's patient presented not only with chest pain — but also withdyspnea. Later in the case we learned that she indeed had longstanding severe pulmonary disease — therefore consistent with a patient having potential RVH.
- MarkedRAA(RightAtrialAbnormality)is present!The tall, peaked and pointed P waves ineachof the inferior leads(that easily surpass the≥2.5 mm tall voltage criteria)— clearly establishes the presence ofRAA, which in a patient presenting with acute dyspnea indicatesright atrialenlargement.
- PEARL #4:There is only 1 condition in medicine that produces right atrial enlargement without also producing RVH. That condition is tricuspid stenosis, which is rare. Therefore, the ECG finding ofRAAthat isnotthe result of slender body habitus — provides an importantpresumptiveclueto the presence ofRVH.
OtherECG findings consistent with RVH inFigure-1:
Additional ECG findings in support of RVH in today's case are much more subtle than themarkedRAA that I describe above. This illustrates theKEYconcept noted above inPEARL #2— namely, thatRVHon ECG will often only be recognized as a"detective"diagnosis!
- TheAxis:While frank RAD is not present —the normal QRS complex in lead I is positive. Low amplitude of the R wave that we see in lead I ofFigure-1— in association with an S wave of equal (if not greater surface area) comparedto the R wave in this lead isnota usual finding.
- S Waves in Leads I, II, and III:This finding is related to the mean QRS axis in today's tracing. Seeing S waves in each of the standard limb leads (as we see in Figure-1) of itself suggests significant pulmonary disease — as does the resultant, almostindeterminateQRS axis.
- RelativelyLowVoltage:While strict criteria for low voltage are not present(ie,All 6 limb leads ≤5 mm)— overall QRS amplitude looks reduced in the limb leads ofFigure-1.
- PersistentS Waves:R wave amplitude normally increases as one moves across the precordial leads (as electrical activity moves toward the left where the larger LV lies). R wave amplitude usually peaks in V4 or V5 — and then drops off (in V5,V6). Normally, there isnotany S wave at all in V5,V6 — since by this time in the depolarization process, all electrical activity is traveling leftward. If more than tiny S waves are still present in V5,V6 — this may be the result of significant ongoing rightward activity.
- Lead aVR:Acute RV overload may be reflected on ECG by ST elevation in lead aVR(especially when the R wave in lead aVR is tall, as it is in Figure-1).
To EMPHASIZE:In isolation —noneof the ECG findings mentioned above would alone be diagnostic of RVH. However, when taken together in this patient presenting with acute dyspnea — thecombinationof these ECG findings is stronglysuggestiveof significant pulmonary disease(and probable RVH).
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Beyond-the-Core:
PEARL #5:InMy CommentoftheJune 17, 2018postof Dr. Smith's ECG Blog — I noted the presence ofSchamroth'sSign, in which the presence of analmost"null vector"in standardlead I(ie,P wave, QRS complex and T wave all of very low amplitude)— as a low sensitivity, but occasionallyveryuseful subtle indicator of longstanding and severe pulmonary disease.
- While fully acknowledging that the QRST complex in lead I ofFigure-1does not satisfy the very low millimeter size criterion for Schamroth's Sign —Isn't this QRST complex in lead Iquitesmall?I seized upon this subtle finding as yet another clue to the likely diagnosis of severe pulmonary disease rather than OMI in today's case.
=============================== ADDENDUM:
Figure-2:ECG Criteria for RVH. 
Figure-3:ECG Criteria for RVH (Continued). 
Figure-4:ECG diagnosis of pulmonary diseaseandRVH in children. 
Figure-5:Example tracings of RVH.
